Thursday, 21 November 2024

Inside the rise of US oligarchs and how it opened a dark money 'floodgate'

 Extract from ABC News

A man speaking into a microphone, seen from close up

Donald Trump swept to victory in the US presidential election earlier this month. (Reuters: Brian Snyder)

There's something you should know about oligarchs.

"They really don't want to be called oligarchs," explains Jeffrey Winters, a professor of political science at Chicago's Northwestern University.

"We have to realise this term is not new. It's had a very stable meaning for more than 2,000 years."

The definition is simple. An oligarch is a person with tremendous wealth and political influence — two qualities that often go hand in hand.

Since the 90s, the word has chiefly been associated with Russia: used to describe the billionaires who surround Vladimir Putin, propping up his power, shaping policy and protecting their own fortunes.

"But it goes far beyond that," Professor Winters says. "We're in a moment in the United States where that floodgate has been completely thrown open.

"There are now almost no limitations on the use of wealth in American democracy, and that means that what we have in the United States is a combination of democracy and oligarchy."

The reasons why an oligarch might not want the label are obvious.

When speaking about money and power, we hear a lot about the so-called 1 per cent — an echelon that requires a household wealth of more than $US33 million ($51 million) to be part of in America, according to Federal Reserve figures.

But an oligarch has much more than that. They're usually in the 0.1 per cent club: billionaires who exist in a different financial universe to other voters. People like Elon Musk and Bill Gates.

An analysis by financial services company Bankrate released earlier this year estimated 54 per cent of the US population wouldn't be able to pay an unexpected expense of $1,000 or more from their savings.

It's a dilemma oligarchs will likely never be faced with. And yet, they're playing an increasing role in US democracy.

Criticisms of oligarchs predate US president-elect Donald Trump's decision to nominate Musk — one of his major financial backers and the world's richest man — for an official government role.

To better understand how we got here, it helps to go back to a landmark 2010 Supreme Court ruling that abrogated as unconstitutional a ban on incorporated entities being financially involved in US federal elections.

In lay terms, the judgment paved the way for organisations like businesses, non-profits and trade unions to make unbridled spends on elections.

I'll make it even more simple: suddenly, the oligarchs were free.

Two women in Trump hats pose for a photo outside the Capitol as a police officer looks on

Trump supporters pose for snaps in Washington DC earlier this month. (Reuters: Leah Millis)

While donations made directly to a party or candidate must be disclosed in the US, pouring money into partisan, politically adjacent groups doesn't always have to be.

These outfits can still do things like run advertising and pay people to knock on doors during campaigns.

Supporting these types of organisations can provide an avenue for America's mega-rich to cover their tracks while still influencing the electorate. It's even been given a name: dark money.

A 2018 report by non-partisan think tank the Brennan Center for Justice sums it up.

"The White House has a secret weapon. It's an army of donors, able to pour unlimited dollars into ad campaigns promoting the president and his agenda without having to publicly disclose who they are or how much they gave."

Massive organisations running alongside campaigns

During the most recent US presidential election campaign, Kamala Harris and Trump hogged the spotlight, crisscrossing the country and burning through cash.

In the shadows, however, these well-funded support groups — officially known as political action committees, or PACs — were working hard too.

Take one named Future Forward, for example.

It was trying to get Democratic candidate Harris into the White House and raised a reported $US900 million to aid her bid.

Future Forward's money and influence is so significant it's described as a "super PAC".

Michael Bloomberg and Gates, who each have net worths of over $US100 billion, according to Forbes, were said to be among its biggest donors.

While neither made any secret of who they were supporting in the election — indeed, Bloomberg has previously stood unsuccessfully for the Democratic Party's ticket — there's no way of knowing exactly how much money they tipped in.

Musk, meanwhile, threw his support behind Trump and founded his own super PAC.

A man wearing glasses looks on, with a concerned expression.

Bill Gates donated to the Democrats this time but describes himself as bipartisan. (Reuters: Chris Jackson/pool)

PACs have been a common fixture of US politics since the mid-1940s, and don't just influence presidential races. Members of the Congress benefit from their backing, too.

They haven't always attracted controversy, either. Once upon a time, PACs had to exist parallel to a candidate.

However, a March ruling by the US Federal Election Commission rubber-stamped closer coordination between these wealthy, powerful behemoths and official political campaigns.

It's not clear how much money Musk gave his organisation, called America PAC.

Some media reports, citing sources inside the group, claim it raised more than $US200 million.

Musk's help went even further. The billionaire spoke at Trump rallies and talked up the Republican candidate in media appearances.

Critics claim Musk turned the social media network he owns, X, into a MAGA mouthpiece, laced with misinformation.

At one point during the campaign, Musk's super PAC was awarding a $US1 million cash prize to one lucky voter each day.

The giveaway was contentious and the subject of a legal challenge. To be eligible, people had to live in a swing state and have signed a petition "in favour of free speech and the right to bear arms".

A man on a stage jumping, while another man who is speaking into a microphone at a lecturn turns to look at him

Elon Musk and Donald Trump share the stage at a rally in Pennsylvania. (Reuters: Brian Snyder)

Professor Winters says such overt support from wealthy donors is unusual.

"We are in a moment when the use of wealth power is significantly more visible," he says.

"In previous eras, those who use wealth power have been much more cautious."

Since Trump won the November 5 vote, Musk has been a constant at the president-elect's Palm Beach base, sitting in on staffing meetings and even reportedly joining a call with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. He's referred to himself as "the first buddy".

The world's richest man is now seemingly inseparable from the world's most powerful office. Some are calling it "broligarchy".

"Americans would be more concerned if they understood what was actually happening," says Brooke Harrington, a professor of economic sociology at New Hampshire's Dartmouth College.

"People like Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy being appointed to a Department of Government Efficiency and being given sweeping powers to cut federal programs and budgets; that is being misrecognised as garden-variety oligarchy, which we've had in the US for generations.

"I contend that it's actually quite different. Oligarchs of old wanted very little more than tax cuts and lower regulation — things that would be good for them personally and for their businesses.

"The broligarchs of today, the group of billionaires from tech and finance, have an actual political program. They want to remake the world in their image."

'Megadonors now sponsor candidates like prize racehorses'

While it's true some political donors in the US are choosing to become more visible, there are still those who prefer to keep a low profile.

Take billionaire Timothy Mellon, for instance.

According to official records, he donated $US50 million to the Make America Great Again Inc super PAC the day after Trump was found guilty of 34 felonies in a New York court this year.

The 82-year-old's bankrolling of the Trump campaign is said to exceed $US175 million. The only photograph of him online is from 1981.

"He is someone no one could identify. He's very reclusive," Professor Winters says.

"Not all oligarchs are interested in being visible. The historical pattern is to not be visible and to use your resources behind the scenes, as it were, to get the results you want."

Critics say oligarchs use their financial wealth to shape public policy so that it's favourable to them and their fortunes, with little regard for the interests of the masses.

Musk, for his part, has made it clear he intends to use his influence for good.

As the head of America's soon-to-be-created Department of Government Efficiency, he claims that he wants to slash $US2 trillion in "waste" from the federal budget.

Gates, in a statement to the New York Times, said he had a history of being bipartisan but had donated to the Harris campaign this time.

"I support candidates who demonstrate a clear commitment to improving health care, reducing poverty and fighting climate change in the US and around the world," he said.

Outside of politics, Musk has joined The Giving Pledge, a concept Gates co-founded, which sees billionaires agree to give half of their wealth to philanthropic causes.

"Americans have grown to accept that wealthy people can influence politics," says Professor Harrington.

"I don't know what's in the hearts and minds of Bill Gates and Michael Bloomberg. Maybe they do some good things and maybe they do some bad things.

"But what I have to question is: is this still democracy? If so, how can it be that there is a handful of people in our country who have amassed so much wealth that they can effectively buy the politicians and the policies they want."

It's estimated the Harris campaign churned through well over $US1 billion in official funding.

That doesn't include money spent by super PACs, like Future Forward, to try and get her elected.

Many analysts argue dark money is out of control in the US.

"Megadonors now sponsor candidates like prize racehorses," Brennan Center president Michael Waldman wrote in an article earlier this year.

If the sums of money in this article sound eye-watering, consider this (and I'm going to continue Waldman's analogy): presidential nominees have to spend many millions of dollars to even be allowed a spot on the starting line.

In the US system, candidates who want to run for a major party must first battle it out in primary elections, splashing cash to beat people who are, technically, on the same team as them.

According to the political finances monitoring group Open Secrets, Hillary Clinton spent around $US250 million trying to win the Democratic Party's nomination against Barack Obama in her unsuccessful primary campaign during 2007 and 2008.

"Clinton left the race with $22.5 million in debt," the summary from the organisation claims.

"At least $11.4 million of which came from her own pocket."

Even thinking about contesting the primaries generally requires hopefuls to approach America's mega rich in a bid to get their backing.

"What this means is that very wealthy people essentially vet or filter who can be a viable, successful candidate," Professor Winters says.

"Basically, oligarchs have determined who the candidates are and what the agenda is going to be."

A middle-aged black woman with long dark hair speaks into a microphone in front of a painting and American flags.

Kamala Harris's campaign spent up big in an attempt to win the election. (Reuters: Jonathan Ernst)

The relationship between money and politics around the world is not new. But in the US at least, spending has soared to new heights.

As that's happened, so has inequality.

Multiple studies have indicated the richest 1 per cent of people in America now control more than one-third of the country's wealth.

Living standards are declining, life expectancy is going backwards and younger people are living at home longer.

Of course, it's not just oligarchs funding politics. Harris badgered all her supporters for money over the course of the campaign, inundating them with emails and text messages.

Since she conceded the presidential election to Trump — and with the financial tap from defeated oligarch backers presumably turned off for a while — her team has still been sending out mass emails, sometimes more than once a day.

"First and foremost, we want to acknowledge the fear, confusion, and sadness many of you are feeling at this moment," one began.

"If that's you, then we're asking you to make a donation to the Democratic Party today."

There's a button urging people to chip in $500. For many Americans, it's surely one of those unexpected expenses they'd struggle to afford.

Professor Harrington warns America's problems go beyond the cost-of-living, and does not believe the so-called "broligarchy" provides answers.

In September, Musk described as an "interesting observation" a screenshot on X which promoted a theory that "high-status males" are the best people to be making decisions.

"Many of these broligarchs have already solved their problems like lower tax and looser regulations, that's all in the rear-view mirror," Professor Harrington, who's written a recently published book on this, says.

"Now it's about changing politics to their vision of what it should be. They are very public and loud about that, and it's an environment where elite, white men rule everybody else.

"It's this idea that some people are born to rule, and other people are born to serve and obey, and I'll let you guess which group you and I are supposed to belong to."

Donald Trump's influence on Ukraine war already starting to show as new world order emerges.

Extract from ABC News

Analysis

Donald Trump looks sideways while standing at a podium

Donald Trump has not expanded on his thoughts about the Ukraine war since winning the election. (Reuters: Callaghan O'Hare)

The "Trump factor" is already kicking in.

Well before he returns to the White House, Donald Trump is already having an influence on the dramatically different new world order. Ukraine is a case in point.

The next eight weeks leading up to Trump's January 20 inauguration will be both dangerous and decisive in terms of the future of the Ukraine war.

For the past year, both Ukraine and Russia have watched the US election with anticipation. It would have been clear to anyone who has visited Ukraine since Russia's invasion in February 2022 that Ukraine's leadership did not want Trump to win. 

Ukraine's leadership watched with trepidation when Trump told CNN he could resolve the war in 24 hours.

Many Ukrainians believe that Trump is closer to Russian leader Vladimir Putin than he lets on.

But as it became clear that Trump was performing well, Ukraine accepted the reality that a re-elected Trump would force upon it a negotiation. And Ukraine knew, as Russia grindingly took more and more Ukrainian land, that it would sit at any negotiation with a weak hand getting weaker by the month.

And so, Ukraine tried something very radical – it made the audacious military decision to break through Russian lines and take a chunk of Russia in Kursk.

Ukraine fires US-supplied missiles into Russia's Berdyansk region

A bargaining chip for Ukraine

The reason Ukrainian targeted Kursk is so that it has at least one major bargaining chip when it is forced by Donald Trump to sit at a negotiating table.

But then Russia responded – by arranging for as many as 10,000 soldiers from North Korea to fly to Russia and join with its forces to try to re-take Kursk.

The North Korean move, in turn, appears to have triggered the Biden administration to act.

For most of this war – the 1,000 days until this week – NATO has been supplying weapons to Ukraine on the condition that it use them only to attack Russian occupying forces, but not Russia itself.

So, Ukraine has been fighting a defensive war, attacking areas of Ukraine taken by Russia, including Crimea. Effectively, Ukraine had one hand tied behind its back.

A composite image of Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Vladimir Putin

Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Vladimir Putin are jockeying for position before Trump takes over the White House.  (Reuters)

It has been an asymmetric war – Russia has been able to fire at any target in Ukraine that it so chooses, while Ukraine has been constrained.

But as President Joe Biden prepares to leave the Oval Office, Washington has let the dog off the leash. Ukraine has been given the nod by the US to use the US-made Army Tactical Missile System – ATACMS – against targets in Russia. But the supply of these missiles will be limited.

The immediate trigger for this green light appears to be the amassing of North Korean soldiers for a counterattack in Kursk. The US is alarmed by the arrival of foreign troops and does not want this to become a precedent for forces from Iran and other enemies of NATO.

Within 24 hours of the lifting of its restriction on attacking Russia, Ukraine fired six ATACMS into the Bryansk region – Russia says it intercepted five and one landed with limited damage.

Russia's changed 'nuclear doctrine'

Another consequence has been that President Vladimir Putin approved changes to Russia's "nuclear doctrine", which is Moscow's guidance as to when it considers it legitimate to use its nuclear arsenal.

The newly-written doctrine says that "an attack from a non-nuclear state, if backed by a nuclear state, will be treated as a joint assault on Russia".

Under these changes, an attack on Russia by ATACMS would meet the criteria. Russia has made clear it would regard any such attack as an attack by NATO and the US.

While Putin has threatened the nuclear option several times – and it's difficult to read the mind of the Russian leader – he is unlikely to push ahead with a nuclear attack. 

The response from the US and the rest of NATO would likely be fierce. 

Putin would know that should he go ahead with his threat, it is likely that scores of sites around Russia would be hit, including his beloved dacha in the Russian countryside.

The reason Moscow is alarmed by Ukraine using ATACMS is that they are long-range, lethal and difficult to pre-empt.

They are surface-to-surface missiles which can be launched by mobile units. This means that the Ukrainian army can move scores of mobile units near the frontline and Russia's satellite and drone surveillance will find it difficult to detect which mobile vehicles have ATACMS, and which have either less deadly or no missiles.

Americans say that ATACMS can "shoot and scoot".

Firing a lethal ballistic missile and then "scooting" gives the Ukrainians a strategic advantage. It also means that Ukraine can hit airfields or weapons supplies 300km from the frontline. It effectively pushes back Russian supply lines, making it more difficult to supply their soldiers on the frontline.

Until now, Ukraine has had a limited supply from the UK of Storm Shadow cruise missiles. The condition of the supply of these was that Ukraine could only use them to attack Russian forces – including in Crimea – but they had an additional limitation: they are launched by jets, which means that the Russian forces have an opportunity to shoot down the jets before the missiles are launched.

The stealth of the ATACMS makes this war more difficult for the Russians.

Soon after the ATACMS were fired this week, two underwater internet cables in the Baltic sea were cut – creating havoc in the communications of Finland, Sweden, Lithuania and Germany.

At this stage there is no proof of who cut the cables, but Reuters reported that European governments accused Russia of escalating "hybrid attacks" on Ukraine's allies.

Reuters reported that the foreign ministers of France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Britain said in a statement: "Moscow's escalating hybrid activities against NATO and EU countries are also unprecedented in their variety and scale, creasing significant security risks."

Jockeying for position

This is where the Trump factor comes in. It seems that both Russia and Ukraine are fiercely manoeuvring to be in the strongest possible position should Trump do what he has promised to do and bring together Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian leader Volodymyr Zelenskyy for a ceasefire summit.

Since winning the election, Trump has not expanded on his thoughts about the Ukraine war. But an insight into his possible thinking has come from a former adviser who knows Trump well, Bryan Lanza.

Lanza was a political adviser to Trump for his 2016 and 2024 campaigns. He told the BBC recently that the incoming Trump administration should focus on peace rather than enabling Ukraine to gain back territory occupied by Russia.

"When Zelenskyy says we will only stop this fighting, there will only be peace once Crimea is returned, we've got news for President Zelenskyy: Crimea is gone," Lanza told the BBC.

"And if that is your priority of getting Crimea back and having American soldiers fight to get Crimea back, you're on your own."

Zelenskyy has never seriously suggested having American troops in Crimea, but he has frequently raised the hope that Ukraine can wrest back Crimea from Russia, which took it by force in 2014.

There's a real sense that the Ukraine war is coming to an end. Nobody can be completely sure what that end will be.

But the hatreds that so many Ukrainians and Russians feel towards each other after this horrible war mean that the final phase of this war – if this is the final phase – will most likely be dangerous and unpredictable.

The man now in the best position to solve this war is Trump – himself not the most predictable leader.

His next four years in the White House are set to be unpredictable, possibly wild.

Wednesday, 20 November 2024

Parts of Great Barrier Reef record worst coral loss in 39 years, early AIMS survey results show.

 Extract from ABC News

A drone shot showing bleached coral.

A section of bleached or dead coral reef near Lizard Island, in far north Queensland, in March. (Supplied: George Roff/CSIRO)

In short:

Some northern parts of the Great Barrier Reef have suffered their biggest annual decline in coral cover in the 39 years of a long-running marine monitoring program.

The preliminary report from the Australian Institute of Marine Science says much of the damage was caused by climate change-driven heat stress.

What's next?

The results have renewed calls for Australia to implement more ambitious climate policies.

Large sections of the Great Barrier Reef appear to have been smashed by climate change and cyclones this year, with one reef near Lizard Island losing nearly three quarters of its coral cover since the beginning of the year.

Preliminary results from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) annual survey show more than a third of coral cover was lost from surveyed reefs across the northern sections of the Great Barrier Reef, from the tourist mecca of Cairns up to Lizard Island.

Although the survey is only about 15 to 20 per cent complete, the northern reefs are so far revealing the biggest annual decline in coral cover in the 39 years AIMS has been conducting its Long Term Monitoring Program.

"These initial surveys from AIMS are our worst fears from this year's coral bleaching event being realised," said Richard Leck from WWF-Australia.

A school of tropical fish swim above a seabed covered in corals.

This image, captured near Lizard Island in September, shows a mix of corals that are still alive. (Supplied: Australian Institute of Marine Science)

An underwater photo showing some bleached spiky coral amid a reef.

Here's an example of an area with bleached and dead corals (in centre and to the right). (Supplied: Australian Institute of Marine Science)

Reefs further south around Innisfail appeared to have been spared, with coral cover remaining roughly steady compared to pre-summer levels.

"These initial results show the vulnerability of the reef to bleaching events, which are increasing in frequency, footprint and intensity under climate change. Its resilience is being severely tested," said AIMS acting research director Dr Manuel Gonzalez Rivero.

Scientists warn of repeated 'hammering' of the reef

The declines follow rapid recovery of fast-growing corals seen since the back-to-back mass bleaching events in 2016-2017.

Fast growing plate Acropora corals, sometimes informally referred to as "weedy" corals, can grow quickly after disturbances but are also very vulnerable to future events. They appear to have been most impacted in this survey.

"Other coral types, such as branching Acropora were less affected, while massive corals – like Porites — were least affected. This points to the variability and dynamics on coral reefs."

A wide expanse of white sand with bluey-green ocean and mountains behind, and a clear, blue sky overhead.

Serious coral bleaching and damage was found around Lizard Island, about 250km north of Cairns. (Supplied: Australian Institute of Marine Sciences/Jo Hurford)

Scientists have warned that the repeated and worsening events damaging the reef are changing the coral mix to be dominated by these fast-growing but highly vulnerable species as big and resilient coral species don't have time to grow back when they are killed.

"The Great Barrier Reef can bounce back but there are limits to its resilience," Mr Leck said.

"It can't get repeatedly hammered like this. We are fast approaching a tipping point.

"We only need to look overseas to places like the Caribbean to know what happens if we cross that line."

Bleaching, cyclones and climate change

Much of the coral destruction was caused by climate change-driven heat stress, which causes bleaching and death. When water temperatures are sustained above the tolerance of the coral, they lose their symbiotic algae that feeds them, and they starve and die.

"During February and March 2024, all the reefs we recently surveyed in this north Queensland region were subjected to levels of climate change-driven heat stress that cause bleaching. The heat stress got so high in some areas that mortality is not a surprising outcome," said Dr Mike Emslie from AIMS, who runs the Long-Term Monitoring Program.

A drone shot of coral near Lizard Island.

A section of bleached or dead coral reef near Lizard Island in December 2023. (Supplied: George Roff/CSIRO)

A drone shot of a section of bleached coral.

A section of bleached or dead coral reef near Lizard Island in March 2024. (Supplied: George Roff/CSIRO)

And Australia is not the only country being hit by the destruction.

"The 2024 mass bleaching event on the reef, its fifth since 2016, forms part of the fourth global bleaching event impacting both the northern and southern hemispheres of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans during 2023 and 2024, documented in more than 60 countries and territories worldwide," Dr Rivero said.

"Climate change is threatening reefs around the world. Their future relies on strong greenhouse gas emissions reduction, management of local and regional pressures, and the development of approaches to help reefs adapt to and recover from its impacts, which we are already seeing."

The results have renewed calls for Australia to implement more ambitious climate policies.

"Australia must commit to a federal emissions reduction target of at least 90 per cent below 2005 levels by 2035, stop approving new fossil fuel projects, and support the worldwide push for a global treaty to phase out all fossil fuels," Mr Leck said.

Two cyclones also contributed to damage across the northern sections, the report found.

"Cyclones Jasper and Kirrily also exposed many [areas] to wave heights likely to cause damage to corals, generally greater than four metres," Dr Emslie said.

Tropical fish swim around a colony of branching coral.

Fish swimming among live colonies of branching coral. (Supplied: Australian Institute of Marine Science)

 An underwater photo of part of a coral reef where some of the coral is dead or bleached.

An area near Lizard Island with a mix of live, bleaching and dead coral colonies. (Supplied: Australian Institute of Marine Science)

The steady coral cover in the southern reefs in the survey was better news, highlighting how dependent the health of the reef has become on weather conditions.

The results are only preliminary, based on diving surveys between August and October this year.

"From what we have seen so far, the impact from these events is significant coral mortality in those areas hardest hit, although the level of mortality has been variable, and a few reefs escaped significant loss," Dr Emslie said.

The AIMS Long Term Monitoring Program usually monitors between 80 and 130 reefs across the Great Barrier Reef. The results so far are based on 20 reefs, with surveys continuing on the others.

"We still have a lot of reef to monitor and a full assessment of the impact on coral cover across the Marine Park will be available in mid-2025," Dr Emslie said.

South Asia is the global hotspot for air pollution. Can this deadly problem be fixed?

 Extract from ABC News

The Taj Mahal is obscured by smog in India.

The Taj Mahal obscured by air pollution and fog in Agra, India last week. (Reuters)

Authorities in India's capital have shut schools, halted construction and banned non-essential trucks from entering the city after air pollution shot up to its worst level this season.

Residents of New Delhi choked in a blanketing toxic smog as worsening air pollution surged past 60 times the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended daily maximum.

So, why is this happening?

And can the annual toxic smog in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh be stopped?

How bad is the pollution?

The level of deadly PM2.5 pollutants in New Delhi — fine particulate matter in the air that causes the most damage to health — peaked at 907 on Monday morning, local time, according to IQAir pollution monitors.

A reading above 15 in a 24-hour period is considered unhealthy by the WHO.

A family of four on a motorcycle waits at a traffic light surrounded by smog

In India and Pakistan, the number of vehicles has increased four-fold since the early 2000s. (AP: Manish Swarup)

"The people of Delhi are really troubled, they can't breathe," Delhi Chief Minister Atishi, who uses one name, told reporters on Monday.

"I kept receiving phone calls the entire night from people who had to admit their elderly parents to hospitals for breathing issues, or parents looking for steroid inhalers for their children," she added.

"The national government isn't doing anything. Today, the entire north of India has been pushed into a medical emergency."

Air pollution expert Prakash Doraiswamy from the World Resources Institute tells The World India needs a collective approach to resolving its annual crisis.

Punjab, Pakistan's most populous province with 127 million residents, has been hit by a record-high ongoing wave of pollution since October.

"It's an apocalypse," said Ahmad Rafay Alam, a prominent environmental lawyer from Lahore.

Why is this happening now?

Air pollution in northern India rises every year, particularly in winter, as farmers burn crop residue in agricultural areas.

The burning coincides with colder temperatures, which trap the smoke in the air.

A farmer burns stubble in a rice field amid ongoing air pollution

A farmer burns stubble in a rice field at Mansa in the northern Indian state of Punjab.   (Reuters: Bhawika Chhabra)

The smoke is then blown into cities, where emissions from cars, trucks and other vehicles add to the pollution.

Emissions from industries and the burning of coal to produce electricity also contribute to the smog.

Local weather and topography play a role too.

There are six major airsheds in South Asia: where pollutants from industry, transportation and other human activities get trapped so they cannot disperse easily.

Commuters drive through a thick layer of smog early in the morning in Delhi

It is estimated that more than one million Indians die each year from pollution-related diseases. (AP: Manish Swarup)

Lahore in Pakistan, for example, is an airshed that contributes to cross-border pollution.

Under certain wind conditions, 30 per cent of pollution in New Delhi can come from Pakistan's Punjab province, where Lahore is the capital.

How have authorities responded to the latest smog?

In Delhi, classes for all grades except 10 and 12 will be held online and no trucks will be allowed to enter the city except for those carrying essential items.

Some older, diesel guzzling vehicles have been banned inside the city, and all construction activities have been halted.

A vehicle sprays water on the road to curb dust and pollution

A vehicle sprays water to curb dust and pollution after Delhi's air quality turned "hazardous.   (Reuters: Anushree Fadnavis)

Authorities also urged children, the elderly and others with chronic diseases or respiratory issues to avoid going outside as much as possible.

Similar measures have been invoked in the past, with authorities at times deploying water sprinklers and anti-smog guns in an attempt to control the haze.

But critics say there needs to be a long-term solution that drastically reduces pollution itself, instead of actions that aim to mitigate the effects after it has already plagued the region.

A roadside food vendor burns coal in Kolkata

There are pollution factors unique to South Asia, including solid fuel combustion for cooking and heating. (AFP: Sudipta Das/NurPhoto)

India's Supreme Court has ordered local authorities to take "all possible" action.

"It is the constitutional obligation of the central government and state governments to ensure citizens live in a pollution free atmosphere," the court said.

How are locals reacting?

The worsening air quality in India's capital has sparked outrage from residents on social media.

Many complained of headaches and hacking coughs, describing the city as "apocalyptic".

People do yoga early morning at a park in Delhi enveloped by smog

 In Delhi, classes for all school grades except 10 and 12 will be held online.     (AP: Manish Swarup)

"Everyone has a sore throat," said Sanjay Goel, a 51-year-old shopkeeper in New Delhi.

"They should ban crop residue burning … it's just smoke everywhere."

Others urged officials to solve the public health crisis once and for all.

Several studies have estimated more than a million Indians die each year from pollution-related diseases.

Why has South Asia become the global pollution hotspot?

The worsening air pollution is an annual problem for South Asian nations as winter approaches and cold, heavy air traps pollution in a thick layer of smog.

IQAir's World Air Quality Report ranked Bangladesh, Pakistan and India as having the highest average PM2.5 concentration of anywhere in the world during 2023.

Countries in South Asia have seen major industrialisation and population growth over the past two decades, leading to increased demand for energy and fossil fuels.

And there are certain major contributors that are unique to South Asia including solid fuel combustion for cooking and heating, human cremation and burning of agricultural waste.

An increase in the number of vehicles on roads as the region has developed has also exacerbated the pollution problem.

In India and Pakistan, for example, the number of vehicles has increased four-fold since the early 2000s.

New Delhi, ranked the world's most polluted capital for four years in a row by IQAir, has 472 vehicles per thousand population, according to government data.

A fruit seller arranges his stall in early morning as smog envelopes the area of Lahore, Pakistan.

The Pakistani city of Lahore is an airshed that contributes to cross-border pollution.   (AP: KM Chaudary)

What is the solution to the pollution crisis?

South Asian countries have started trying to curb pollution, putting together air quality management plans, installing more pollution monitors, and pushing for a switch to cleaner fuels.

But these measures are yet to yield significant results.

Smoke emerges from fires on the ground in front of large overheard power lines

Neighbours Bangladesh, Pakistan and India had the worst air pollution levels in 2023. (AP: Manish Swarup)

Experts have called for greater cross-border cooperation among countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and India to address air pollution together rather than working in silos on a city-by-city basis.

Dust particles can travel hundreds of kilometres, transcending national boundaries and impacting countries other than those in which they originate.

About 30 per cent of the pollution in Bangladesh's largest cities, for example, originates in India.

Pratima Singh, who has researched air pollution in India for over a decade, said South Asian countries could emulate the European Union model of collaboration to deal with pollution challenges, formalise new policies and share data and best practices.

But it's a tall order when political relations in the region are fraught.

"There's a recognition among the technical and scientific community that air pollution doesn't need a visa to travel across borders," said Pakistani analyst Abid Suleri, from the nonprofit Sustainable Development Policy Institute.

The culprits and problems are the same on both sides of the India-Pakistan border, he said, so it makes no sense for one province to implement measures if a neighbouring province across the border isn't adopting the same practices.

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