Wednesday 31 May 2023

Russia warns of harsh response as Vladimir Putin labels Moscow drone strike a terrorist act by Ukraine.

Extract from ABC News

ABC News Homepage


President Vladimir Putin has said Ukraine's biggest ever drone strike on Moscow was an attempt to scare and provoke Russia.

Russia said eight drones targeted civilian areas of Moscow and the Moscow region — with a population of over 21 million — in the early hours of Tuesday (local time) but were either shot down or diverted with special electronic jammers.

Mr Putin cast the assault as a terrorist act that came after Russia struck at Ukraine's military intelligence headquarters several days ago.

He said the attack was aimed at "civilian targets" and Ukraine had chosen the path of attempting "to intimidate Russia, Russian citizens and attacks on residential buildings".

"This is clearly a sign of terrorist activity," Mr Putin said.

Air defences around Moscow — which as the capital of the world's biggest nuclear power is already protected by an extensive early warning system — would be strengthened, he said.

A damaged multi-storey apartment block following a reported drone attack in Moscow.
Several Moscow apartment buildings were targeted by drones.()

Russia warns of harsh response

Russia said the drones targeted some of Moscow's most prestigious districts including where Mr Putin and the elite have residences.

Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said two people were injured in the attacks, one of whom was hospitalised. 

No deaths were reported.

Russia's foreign ministry said that it reserved the right to take the most "severe measures" in response to the drone attack.

"Assurances by NATO officials that the Kyiv regime will not launch strikes deep into Russian territory prove to be completely hypocritical," the ministry said in a statement.

"Russia reserves the right to take the harshest possible measures in response to the terrorist attacks by the Kyiv regime," it added.

A sign prohibiting unmanned aerial vehicles flying over the area is on display near the Kremlin wall.
Drone attacks deep inside Russia have intensified in recent weeks.()

A Ukrainian presidential aide denied Kyiv was directly involved in the Moscow attack, but said Ukraine was enjoying watching events and forecast more to come.

"Of course we are pleased to watch and predict an increase in the number of attacks," Mykhailo Podolyak said. 

"But of course we have nothing directly to do with this." 

The White House said it was still gathering information on the reports of drones striking in Moscow, while reiterating that Washington did not support attacks inside Russia.

Washington is "focused on providing Ukraine with the equipment and training they need to retake their own sovereign territory", a spokesperson said in a statement.

A light ball above the Kremlin Senate.
Russia also blamed a drone attack on the Kremlin earlier this month on Ukraine.  ()

Russian politician Maxim Ivanov called Tuesday's attack the most serious assault on Moscow since Nazi Germany's invasion in World War II, saying no Russian could now avoid "the new reality".

So far Mr Putin has kept the war in Ukraine far from Moscow, where life has continued relatively normally despite the biggest rupture in Russia's ties with the West since the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

But drone attacks deep inside the country have intensified in recent weeks with strikes on oil pipelines and even the Kremlin earlier this month.

Ukraine denied the Kremlin attack but The New York Times reported that US intelligence believes Kyiv was responsible.

Kyiv's continued bombardment 

Russia began attacking the Ukrainian capital with swarms of cheaply produced loitering munitions often known as "kamikaze" drones last October and uses them extensively during its regular air strikes across Ukraine.

Over this month, it has again been repeatedly attacking Kyiv using a combination of drones and missiles, mostly at night, in an apparent attempt to undermine Ukrainians' will to fight after more than 15 months of war.

A bright cluster of white lights near a trail of red lights sits over a city a night.
Ukrainian air defences fire to stop drones in a relentless wave of bombardments targeting Kyiv early Tuesday morning.()

Kyiv said four people died around Ukraine in Russia's latest attacks on Tuesday, with 34 wounded including two children.

"Russia is trying to break us and break our will," Ukrainian interior minister, Ihor Klymenko, said. 

At least 20 Shahed drones were destroyed by air defence forces in Kyiv’s airspace in the latest attack on the Ukrainian capital.

Overall, Ukraine shot down 29 of 31 drones, mostly in the Kyiv area, the air force said. 

A rescuer holds his hand over his face and appears to be crying.
A rescuer attends the scene of an apartment building damaged during a massive Russian drone strike in Kyiv. ()

The heavier destruction in Kyiv contrasted with what was seen in Moscow.

In the Ukrainian capital, burned-out cars, glass and debris littered the street outside a building where apartments were wrecked.

Meanwhile, in Moscow, only a few broken windows and scorched outer walls were evident, with repairs and repainting being done quickly to affected buildings.

The World Health Organization (WHO) said it had recorded 1,004 attacks on healthcare in Ukraine during the Russian invasion, the highest number recorded by the organisation in any conflict.

"The 1,004 WHO-verified attacks over the past 15 months of full-scale war have claimed at least 101 lives, including both health workers and patients, and injured many more," it said in an emailed statement.

The WHO said it recorded 896 attacks on health facilities, 121 on transport, 72 on personnel and 17 on warehouses in Ukraine during the war.

The conflict has killed thousands of civilians and displaced millions, according to UN figures.

Wires/ABC

Tech world warns risk of extincition from AI should be a global priority like pandemics and nuclear war.

Extract from ABC News

ABC News Homepage

Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be "a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war", the Center for AI Safety says. 

The San Francisco-based nonprofit released the warning in a statement overnight after convincing major industry players to come out publicly with their concerns that artificial intelligence is a potential existential threat to humanity.

In just one sentence, the world's biggest creators of artificial intelligence are screaming in unison.

The Center's Executive Director Dan Hendrycks told the ABC via email that they released the statement because the public "deserves to know what the stakes are".

"AI poses serious risks of human extinction, and the world needs to seriously grapple with them," he said.

Who signed the warning? 

Among the dozens of signatories from AI development across the globe are Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI (the creators of ChatGPT), and Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind which has developed BARD.

Both met with US President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris in the White House earlier this month to discuss the risks associated with AI and potential regulatory actions.

Mr Altman followed that up with this testimony to the US Congress: "If this technology goes wrong, it can go quite wrong; we want to be vocal about that, we want to work with the government to prevent that from happening".

"This statement today shows that it is common knowledge, it is commonly accepted that the threat from AI are real, this is a thing that the real people actually working on this technology actually do take seriously and do think is a real problem," Connor Leahy, CEO of London based AI company Conjecture, said.

Other noted signatories include the so-called godfather of AI, Geoffrey Hinton, who left Google this year so he could voice his concerns, and Yi Zeng, the professor and director of the brain-inspired cognitive AI lab at the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The warning is loud and clear

The speed at which artificial intelligence is developing concerns those who are working in the field.

Generative AI models or apps which use large language models have been released and are openly being tested on the global public.

Including ChatGPT, AutoGPT, ChaosGPT, MidJourney and Dall-E — there are now dozens of powerful models for language, images, voices and coding.

Some have been released by major companies like Google and Microsoft which are integrating them into their existing products.

Others are open-source, meaning anyone can download them and create newer products and may be much harder to regulate.

But more concerning to industry insiders is just how little is known about how the new AI models and apps actually work, because unlike computer code they are "organically" created.

"I think what shocks me is not that we understand so little, it's that [the general public] don't know that we understand so little," Mr Leahy said.

"It's an open secret that no one in the field understands this AI."

"It's like we're trying to do biology before we know what a cell is. We don't know what DNA is. We don't know what we don't even have good microscopes," he said.

Global work is needed

In its Hiroshima communique, the G7 leaders meeting in Japan recently agreed that discussions need to take place the rules for digital technologies like AI should be "in line with our shared democratic values".

Many nations and global blocs like the EU are trying to determine what regulations are needed to reign in the AI race.

"I'm excited to see signatories from around the world," Mr Hendrycks said.

"We're going to need global coordination in order to mitigate these threats."

"There's a lot more work that needs to be done. Nonetheless, the fact that we're seeing prominent AI experts from other nations recognise these risks is a promising sign.

"We're going to need all parties to clearly acknowledge these risks. Just as everyone recognises that a nuclear arms race is bad for the world, we need to recognise that an AI arms race would be dangerous."

Mr Leahy agreed, saying it's not something that will go away, and that regulators needed to be pressured now.

"And we have the explicit statement from the people involved in industry that they are willing to be regulated, they want to be regulated," he said.

"And this is something that shouldn't be regulated, there couldn't be a more perfect storm, we now just have to act"

Tuesday 30 May 2023

The National Herbarium of NSW has 1.4 million plant specimens — and maybe as many stories.

Extract from ABC News 

ABC News Homepage


Indigenous readers are advised that this article contains some disturbing historical information.

On the fringes of Sydney, just as the suburbs taper out into farmland and bush, there's a shiny new building that holds countless secrets about this country.

The building contains an archive. But this isn't a place of stacked written records or ageing audiovisual materials.

This is a place of plants.

A line of silver vaults with handles and numbers.
The herbarium adds 8,000 new plant specimens each year.()

"When you go into the space … it has that mysterious intrigue all archives have," Prudence Gibson, plant and art researcher at the University of NSW, tells ABC RN's The Drawing Room.

"[But] in this case — there's 1.4 million [plant] specimens hidden away, in all of these drawers, inside folders pressed on a page."

The National Herbarium of NSW is considered one of the most significant botanical collections in the Southern Hemisphere.

As part of an Australian Research Council grant, Dr Gibson visited it dozens of times over two years and spent many more hours sifting through the digital archives.

She found that each specimen told a story about Australia's past.

What exactly is a herbarium?

The National Herbarium of NSW is "a place to protect plants, to conserve, restore and memorialise them", Dr Gibson writes in her new book, The Plant Thieves: Secrets of the Herbarium.

This particular herbarium has been on a long journey — from celebrating what Dr Gibson calls the "colonialist fervour to collect and dominate nature" to something very different.

A photo of old banksias pressed on a page, with accompanying information
Plants collected by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander on Captain Cook's voyage in 1770.()

It was established in 1853 and for much of its history was located in the Royal Botanic Garden on Sydney Harbour, but last year moved to the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan.

Endless compartments and drawers hold plants collected from around Australia over the past 250 years, with major items including more than 800 plants taken on Captain Cook's 1770 voyage.

"Most of the specimens are [plants] pressed on a page. Then there's information, like labels, that say where the plant was found … and who found [it]," Dr Gibson says.

For older items, "often there's really quite poetic language by the botanists, explaining what happened when they found it or a little bit of detail about that location," she says.

'Got by Dan'

Sifting through the collection with the herbarium's staff, Dr Gibson says "there was one really incredible specimen sheet which I saw, that had a strange phrase on it".

The phrase read: "Got by Dan".

These words were written by English botanist George Caley, who worked with an Indigenous guide named Daniel Moowattin in the early 1800s.

"Daniel took George to all these places that he would never have gone to, to find all these specimens to collect and send back to [botanist Joseph] Banks in London," Dr Gibson says.

"Daniel was key to all of that knowledge … that's now in Kew Gardens as well as [in] Australian collections."

Caley later took Moowattin to London, immersing him in English life, before he returned to Australia.

But the story ended in tragedy.

"Daniel … went back to his people for a short while, but then was accused of raping a young squatter's daughter and was sentenced to death," Dr Gibson says.

"So there's a lot of sadness, actually, in going through these archives."

'Lingering horror'

During her time at the herbarium, Dr Gibson had a number of guides, including director Hannah McPherson.

Dr McPherson imparted many stories from her research, like that of little-known German botanical collector Amalie Dietrich.

In the mid-1800s, Dietrich was commissioned to travel to Australia to collect flora and fauna specimens for a new German museum.

But Dietrich's legacy is complex — and deeply problematic.

She was a trailblazing female collector who spent several years in remote Australia, amassing 20,000 plant specimens, which remain important to the scientific community.

But she also collected the skeletons of Indigenous Australians. According to a letter Dr Gibson references in her book, Dietrich asked a local family to shoot an Indigenous person so he or she could become another "specimen".

"As I walked away that day, I felt the lingering horror of Amalie's story … [And] it still hasn't left me," Dr Gibson recalls in her book.

An Australian 'zombie fungus'

Botanical collections can also include "spirit jars" — jars in which a specimen is floating in a fluid, like formaldehyde.

"When I first visited, there was one which had a witchetty grub that had been taken over by a fungus," Dr Gibson says.

A tall glass jar, full of yellow liquid, with several bugs that have been taken over by long shoots of fungus
A menacing — but also fascinating — 'zombie fungus' in a spirit jar.()

It was an ophiocordyceps fungus or so-called "zombie fungus", which, at least on a fungus-versus-insect level, isn't wildly different from what's depicted in the post-apocalyptic video game and series The Last of Us.

"[This fungus] works its way through the earth until it finds a bug … then [the fungus] takes over its central nervous system and forces it — like a zombie — to go to the surface of the earth where it releases its spores and reproduces," Dr Gibson says.

"Then the insect is killed by the fungus."

And while this may sound macabre, Dr Gibson sees it differently.

"I love that story because it just shows how incredibly capable some of this life is."

A rapidly-evolving daisy

Another of Dr Gibson's more intriguing encounters at the herbarium involved a humble daisy.

Arctotheca populifolia is a beach daisy native to South Africa, which, as Dr Gibson puts it, "has done something a bit special" here in Australia.

A photo of a pressed flower on a page, with accompanying information
The 'special' arctotheca populifolia.()

There are 22 of these daisies in the collection, dating from 1937 to 2013.

The herbarium's Dr Claire Brandenburger shared with Dr Gibson information about the daisy, which was brought to Australia in the 1930s as a sand dune stabiliser and appeared at many beaches.

But the odd thing was, the daisy started to change.

Dr Gibson writes in her book that the daisy "has evolved so fast that it is no longer comparable to its parent population".

In very unscientific terms, this introduced species has become more Australian.

Dr Gibson says this evolution poses all sorts of questions, like should this daisy have a new name as it's become so different? And what does this say about the ability of plants to adapt and change?

Guarding secrets

While mountains of information are available to the public at the herbarium, it occasionally withholds information.

"[Certain] longitude and latitudes on the specimen sheets — the locations of where they were found — are not accessible," Dr Gibson says.

Sometimes this is because the plants are rare and potentially expensive, like native orchids. Other times it's because the plants are psychoactive — or mind-altering.

For example, mushrooms that have psilocybin.

"During mushroom season, quite a lot of people go out and pick mushrooms for potential mind-altering experiences," Dr Gibson says.

But she says the herbarium is being "really careful about protecting those plants … we really don't want them to be overharvested or overused. Because what's left is so precious".

This is one of Dr Gibson's central points: while the herbarium may have a history of theft, it's also now a place of protection.

Humans and plants

Dr Gibson's biggest aim with her research and writing is to change our relationship with plants.

"Over the last 20 years, we've seen scientific evidence … that plants can remember and learn and make decisions and communicate with one another," she says.

A man looks into a microscope on a table with numerus plant specimens on sheets
The vast collection is used for scientific research and conservation efforts.()

"How do we make sense of ourselves as humans if we ... think we [are] really superior to plant life?

"Now that we know that plants can do things that humans can do — and so much more — what does that mean for us? And what does that mean about our relationship to plants?"

Campbelltown City Council to trial bin locks to stop garbage-raiding cockatoos in Sydney.

Extract from ABC News 

ABC News Homepage


Garbage routinely strewn across front lawns by pesky birds and strong winds has prompted a trial of bin locks in south-west Sydney.

Campbelltown City Council is offering residents impacted by bin-raiding birds the use of a lock in a 12-month trial.

It wants to know if the devices are effective at "reducing waste spillage from bins caused by cockatoos and wind and whether there is sufficient demand for this service among residents going forward".

"We are providing bin lid latches to participating residents and ask them to provide regular feedback during the trial period," the council's City Planning and Environment director Jim Baldwin said.

The locks were available to residents in the suburbs of Ruse, Airds, St Helens Park, Kentlyn and Minto Heights, with residents only eligible if birds were creating litter problems.

Cockatoos have been seen opening closed bins.(Supplied: John Martin, Western Sydney University)

Two different kinds of locks are being issued. One needs to be screwed into the lid and lip of the bin. The other is a plastic strap that goes around the lid's handle and hooks under the bin's rim.

Both locks keep the bin closed until they are inverted, such as when picked up to be emptied by a collection truck. 

Local Maureen McCann said cockatoos had been raiding bins for years but the bigger issue was the bins were usually too full.

"If [the plastic bag] is sticking out of the bin, all they've got to do is pull the plastic," she said.

"Once they get into the plastic bag, they've got the lot."

Preventing bin raiders worldwide

The screw-down locks come from Secure A Lid, which sells the locks abroad to keep other "hungry animals" out of bins.

"I've had one guy … he had warthogs getting into his bins," founder Brett Sweetnam said.

A row of red lidded bins with black locks installed on them
Brett Sweetnam says his bin locks also help against wind gusts.()

Mr Sweetnam was inspired to make the locks after growing up in Barden Ridge, which backs onto bushland in Sydney's Sutherland Shire.

"We had cockatoos getting into our bin, honestly, for years," he said.

"I was actually doing a mechanical engineering degree, which I finished, and then at the end of that I had the skill and know-how to actually design and develop a product that could solve the problem."

Birds will outsmart locks

But bird expert Grainne Cleary thinks the persistent and "highly intelligent" animals will find their way around the locks.

Cockatoos have been witnessed outsmarting previous efforts to keep them out, such as lifting bin lids and bumping off bricks used to weigh down the tops.

Dr Grainne Cleary told ABC Radio Sydney she reckons the cockatoos will find a way around the locks

"This is what we call an arms race. We're trying to outsmart a cockatoo and a cockatoo is trying to outsmart us," Dr Cleary told ABC Radio Sydney

"They will investigate it, and they love nothing more than a challenge."

Dr Cleary said the birds' appetite for garbage came from a loss of natural habitat and food sources.

"Before, while they would have hung out more under trees, they are exploring more urban areas," she said.

"So this is why it's so important to retain our native vegetation in urban areas."

A tidier pick-up

Pete Miller from SafeWaste, which makes the strap-style lock, says there are other environmental benefits to the locks.

A yellow lidded bin with a black plastic strap holding on to one of the lid's handles
A SafeWaste bin latch, as pictured in a video from New Zealand's Central Otago District Council.()

Rubbish was prevented from spilling onto the street while trucks were picking up and inverting the bins because the lids did not open until upside down over the truck hopper.

"Often the litter falls out of the bin on the way up to the collection process as the arm is going up," Mr Miller said.

He said the devices could also prevent water from contaminating recycling waste.

"When you've got paper recycling and the lid's open, then the paper gets wet and that clogs up your recycling plants," Mr Miller said.

"You'll find that any wet paper has to be diverted to either green waste, or often can even go to landfill."

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