Extract from ABC News
Heavily pregnant Sonari toils under the burning sun in fields dotted with bright yellow melons in Jacobabad, which last month became the hottest city on Earth.
Her 17-year-old neighbour, Waderi, who gave birth a few weeks ago, is back working in temperatures that can exceed 50 degrees Celsius, with her newborn lying on a blanket in the shade nearby so she can feed him when he cries.
These women in southern Pakistan and millions like them around the world are at the searing edge of climate change.
Pregnant women exposed to heat for prolonged periods of time have a higher risk of suffering complications, an analysis of 70 studies conducted since the mid-1990s found.
For every 1C in temperature rise, the number of stillbirths and premature deliveries increases by about 5 per cent, according to the meta-analysis Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education at Columbia University, which was carried out by several research institutions globally and published in the British Medical Journal in September 2020.
Cecilia Sorensen, director of the Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education at Columbia University, said the unfolding impact of global warming on the health of women was "highly underdocumented", partly because extreme heat tended to exacerbate other conditions.
"We're not associating health impacts on women and oftentimes it's because we're not collecting data on it," she said. "And often women in poverty are not seeking medical care."
Women are especially vulnerable to rising temperatures in poor countries on the frontline of climate change because many have little choice but to work through their pregnancies and soon after giving birth, according to interviews with more than a dozen female residents in the Jacobabad area as well as half a dozen development and human rights experts.
Further adding to the risks, women in socially conservative Pakistan — and many other places — typically cook the family meals over hot stoves or open fires, often in cramped rooms with no ventilation or cooling.
"If you're inside cooking next to a hot open fire you have that burden of that heat in addition to the ambient heat, which makes things that much more dangerous," Sorensen added.
Extreme humid heat events
South Asia has suffered unseasonably hot temperatures in recent months.
An extreme heatwave that scorched Pakistan and India in April was 30 times more likely to happen due to climate change, according to scientists at World Weather Attribution, an international research collaboration.
Global temperatures have risen by about 1.2C above pre-industrial levels.
As temperatures continue rising, extreme heatwaves are only expected to increase.
Jacobabad's roughly 200,000 residents are well aware of their city's reputation as one of the world's hottest.
"If we go to hell, we'll take a blanket," is a common joke told in the area.
Few places are more punishing.
Temperatures hit 51C on May 14, which local meteorological officials said was highly unusual for that time of year.
Tropical rains can combine with warm winds from the Arabian Sea to drive up humidity later in the year.
The more humid it is, the harder it is for people to cool down via sweating.
Such conditions are measured by "wet bulb temperatures," taken by a thermometer wrapped in a wet cloth. Wet bulb temperatures of 35C or higher are considered the limit of human survival.
Jacobabad has crossed that threshold at least twice since 2010, according to regional weather data. And, globally, such "extreme humid heat events" have more than doubled in frequency in the last four decades, according to a May 2020 study in the journal Science.
Sonari, who is in her 20s, and Waderi work alongside about a dozen other women, several of them pregnant, in the melon fields about 10 kilometres from Jacobabad's centre.
They begin work each day at 6am with a short afternoon break for housework and cooking before returning to the field to work until sundown.
They describe leg pains, fainting episodes and discomfort while breastfeeding.
"It feels like no-one sees them, no-one cares about them," aid worker Liza Khan said more broadly about the plight facing many women in Jacobabad and the wider Sindh region, which straddles the border of Pakistan and India.
Ms Khan's phone rings constantly as she drives to one of three heat stroke response centres she has helped set up in recent weeks as part of her work with non-profit group the Community Development Foundation.
With a finance degree, Ms Khan has lived in cooler cities across Pakistan but returned to her hometown because she wanted to be a voice for women in the conservative area.
"Nowadays I'm working 24/7," said the 22-year-old, adding that her organisation was finding the impact of extreme heat increasingly intertwining with other social and health issues affecting women.
The frontline of suffering
The harsh conditions facing many women were brought into tragic focus on May 14, the day temperatures in Jacobabad hit 51C, making it the world's hottest city at that time.
Nazia, a young mother of five, was preparing lunch for her visiting cousins. But with no air-conditioning or fan in her kitchen, she collapsed and was taken to a nearby hospital, where she was pronounced dead from a suspected heat stroke.
District health officials did not answer requests for comment about Jacobabad's record of heat-related deaths in recent years, or more specifically about Nazia's case.
Her body was taken the following day to her ancestral village to be buried and her children, the youngest a one-year-old who was still breastfeeding, regularly cry for their mother, a relative said.
Widespread poverty and frequent power cuts mean many people can't afford or use air-conditioning or at times even a fan to cool down.
Potential strategies recommended by experts include providing clean-energy stoves to replace open-fire cooking, offering women's medical and social services during early morning or evening hours when it is cooler and replacing tin roofs with cooler material in white to reflect solar radiation away from the home.
Climate Change Minister Sherry Rehman told Reuters that women were likely to bear the brunt of rising temperatures as they continued to scorch the country, adding that climate change policies in the future needed to address the specific needs of women.
Some in Jacobabad find it galling that Pakistan is responsible for just a fraction of the greenhouse gases released in the industrial era and now warming the atmosphere.
"We are not contributing to the worsening, but we are on the frontline as far as suffering is concerned," said Hafeez Siyal, the city's deputy commissioner.
No water, no power, we pray
In a residential neighbourhood of the city, a donkey-drawn cart stacked with blue plastic jerry cans stops near the entrance to warren-like lanes leading to a cluster of homes.
The cart's driver runs back and forth delivering 20-litre containers of water from one of a few dozen private pumps around the city.
Most residents of Jacobabad rely on such water deliveries, which can cost between a fifth and an eighth of a household's meagre income. Still, it's often not enough, and some families are forced to ration.
For young mother Razia, the sound of her six-month-old Tamanna crying in the afternoon heat was enough to persuade her to pour some of her precious water over the baby. She then sat Tamanna in front of a fan, and the child was visibly calmer, playing with her mother's scarf.
Local officials said water shortages were partly due to electricity cuts, which meant water could not be filtered and sent via pipes throughout the city.
There are also severe water shortages across Sindh, with the Climate Change Minister, Ms Rehman, flagging shortfalls of up to 60 per cent of what is needed in the province's key dams and canals.
Rubina, Razia's neighbour, fried onions and okra over an open fire, explaining she usually felt dizzy in the heat and tried to soak herself in water each time she cooked to prevent herself from fainting.
There was not always enough water to do so, though.
"Most of the time, it ends before it's time to buy more and we must wait," Rubina said as she closely supervised her children and grandchildren sharing a cup of water.
Reuters
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