Extract from The Guardian
New study provides one of the strongest cases yet
that the planet has entered a new geological epoch
Fishermen float onboard a boat amid mostly plastic
rubbish in Manila Bay, the Philippines. Humans have introduced 300m
metric tonnes of plastic to the environment every year. Photograph:
Erik de Castro/Reuters
Friday 8 January 2016 06.00 AEDT
There is now compelling evidence to show that
humanity’s impact on the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and wildlife
has pushed the world into a new geological epoch, according to a
group of scientists.
The question of whether humans’ combined
environmental impact has tipped the planet into an “anthropocene”
– ending the current holocene which began around 12,000 years ago –
will be put to the geological
body that formally approves such time divisions later this year.
The new study provides one of the strongest cases
yet that from the amount of concrete mankind uses in building to the
amount of plastic rubbish dumped in the oceans, Earth has entered a
new geological epoch.
“We could be looking here at a stepchange from
one world to another that justifies being called an epoch,” said Dr
Colin Waters, principal geologist at the British Geological Survey
and an author on the
study published in Science on Thursday.
“What this paper does is to say the changes are
as big as those that happened at the end of the last ice age . This
is a big deal.”
He said that the scale and rate of change on
measures such as CO2 and methane concentrations in the atmosphere
were much larger and faster than the changes that defined the start
of the holocene.
Humans have introduced entirely novel changes,
geologically speaking, such as the roughly 300m metric tonnes of
plastic produced annually. Concrete has become so prevalent in
construction that more than half of all the concrete ever used was
produced in the past 20 years.
Wildlife, meanwhile, is being pushed into an ever
smaller area of the Earth, with just 25% of ice-free land considered
wild now compared to 50% three centuries ago. As a result, rates of
extinction of species are far
above long-term averages.
But the study says perhaps the clearest
fingerprint humans have left, in geological terms, is the presence of
isotopes from nuclear weapons testing that took place in the 1950s
and 60s.
Tower blocks in Hong Kong. More than half of all
the concrete ever used was produced in the past 20 years. Photograph:
Bobby Yip/REUTERS
“Potentially the most widespread and globally
synchronous anthropogenic signal is the fallout from nuclear weapons
testing,” the paper says.
“It’s probably a good candidate [for a single
line of evidence to justify a new epoch] ... we can recognise it in
glacial ice, so if an ice core was taken from Greenland, we could say
that’s where it [the start of the anthropocene] was defined,”
Waters said.
The study says that accelerating technological
change, and a growth in population and consumption have driven the
move into the anthropocene, which advocates of the concept suggest
started around the middle of the 20th century.
“We are becoming a major geological force, and
that’s something that really has happened since we had that
technological advance after the second world war. Before that it was
horse and cart transporting stuff around the planet, it was low key,
nothing was happening particularly dramatically,” said Waters.
He added that the study should not be taken as
“conclusive statement” that the anthropocene had arrived, but as
“another level of information” for the debate on whether it
should be formally declared an epoch by the International Commission
on Stratigraphy (ICS).
Istopes common in nature, 14C, and a naturally
rare isotope, 293Pu, are present through the Earth’s mid-latitudes
due to nuclear testing in the 1950s and 60s. Photograph: Associated
Press
Waters said that if the ICS was to formally vote
in favour of making the anthropocene an official epoch, its
significance to the wider world would be in conveying the scale of
what humanity is doing to the Earth.
“We [the public] are well aware of the climate
discussions that are going on. That’s one aspect of the changes
happening to the entire planet. What this paper does, and the
anthropocene concept, is say that’s part of a whole set of changes
to not just the atmosphere, but the oceans, the ice – the glaciers
that we’re using for this project might not be here in 10,000
years.
“People are environmentally aware these days but
maybe the information is not available to them to show the scale of
changes that are happening.”
The international team behind the paper includes
several other members of the Subcommission on Quaternary
Stratigraphy’s anthropocene working group, which hopes to present a
proposal to the ICS later this year. The upswing in usage of the
anthropocene term is credited to Paul Crutzen, the Dutch Nobel
prize-winning atmospheric chemist, after he
wrote about it in 2000.
Key markers of change that are indicative of the
anthropocene. A shows new markers, while B shows long-ranging
signals. Photograph: sciencemag.org
Prof Phil Gibbard, a geologist at the University
of Cambridge who initially set up the working group examining
formalising the anthropocene, said that while he respected the work
of Waters and others on the subject, he questioned how useful it
would be to declare a new epoch.
“It’s really rather too near the present day
for us to be really getting our teeth into this one. That’s not to
say I or any of my colleagues are climate change deniers or anything
of that kind, we fully recognise the points: the data and science is
there.
“What we question is the philosophy, and
usefulness. It’s like having a spanner but no use for it,” he
said.
Gibbard suggested it might be better if the
anthropocene was seen as a cultural term – such as as the neolithic
era, the end of the stone age – rather than a geological one.
Evidence we’ve started an ‘anthropocene’
- We’ve pushed extinction rates of flora and fauna far above the long-term average. The Earth is now on course for a sixth mass extinction which would see 75% of species extinct in the next few centuries if current trends continue
- Increased the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere by about 120 parts per million since the industrial revolution because of fossil fuel-burning, leaving concentrations today at around 400ppm and rising
- Nuclear weapon tests in the 1950s and 60s left traces of an isotope common in nature, 14C, and a naturally rare isotope, 293Pu, through the Earth’s mid-latitudes
- Put so much plastic in our waterways and oceans that microplastic particles are now virtually ubiquitous, and plastics will likely leave identifiable fossil records for future generations to discover
- Doubled the nitrogen and phosphorous in our soils in the past century with our fertiliser use. According to some research, we’ve had the largest impact on the nitrogen cycle in 2.5bn years
- Left a permanent marker in sediment and glacial ice with airborne particulates such as black carbon from fossil fuel-burning
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